The Open Veins

Latin America has a long stratified history of human rights violations, from the formation of this new world through Spanish colonization to the most recent military dictatorships of the last century. It seems as if the entire history of this continent are different layers of bloodshed.

Violence that one might think is a thing of the past, yet continues to recur today, is the physical and psychological abuse suffered by migrants, women, indigenous peoples, peasants, Afro-descendant peoples, and more generally by the marginalized, the dispossessed, and those excluded from economic and political power.

Rebelling is impossible; the founding structure of Latin American society hinges on the normalization of abuse. Acts of violence, forced disappearances, massacres, and rapes become daily occurrences on news channels, radio, public discourse, and social media, as do the fear of being victims and the resulting need to avoid the worst for oneself and one’s loved ones. A web of structural paranoia prevents any kind of social change.

The environment is also part of the sedimentation of violence and abuse in Latin America: the extraction of minerals by multinationals, the landed production of fruit, and the pollution of water resources contribute to the contamination of an environment that becomes toxic.

The Embera Katio are indigenous people native from Colombia, displaced by the armed conflict. Their regions have been occupied by the AUC, a paramilitary group involved in drug trafficking. In 2006, the Colombian state signed a peace agreement with this paramilitary group and committed to compensating the victims of the conflict, however the Embera Katio have never received any financial compensation for the violence they suffered. Now, they live homeless in the capital, Bogotá, where they try to survive in a hostile and unknown environment. In the picture: the occupation of a popular building during the lockdown for the sanitary emergency of Covid-19 in 2020.
During the COVID-19 emergency, the main problems in Colombia were hunger and evictions in working-class neighborhoods. The real estate sector took advantage of the restrictions imposed by the pandemic to evict several areas considered high-yield. Urban criminal gangs (Bacrim) intensified their nightly raids against residents. In the photo: During the eviction of Altos de Estancia in Ciudad Bolívar, a resident awaits the arrival of law enforcement and shows the scars of machete attacks he suffered in the past from criminal gangs.
Ciudad Bolívar, Bogotá Colombia.
The Guatemalan armed conflict is considered the worst genocide in Latin America. It is estimated that approximately 200,000 people were killed and buried in mass graves during the dictatorship of Efraín Ríos Montt. To date, only 7% of the victims have been identified, and despite the dictator's spectacular trial, dozens of unresolved cases remain, advancing slowly and amidst countless difficulties in the Guatemalan justice system. In the photo: a researcher from the FAFG, the Foundation of Forensic Anthropology of Guatemala, shows the skull of an as-yet unidentified person found in the mass grave of San Juan Comalapa.
Ciudad Bolívar, Bogotá Colombia
Venezuelan migrants in Cucuta. It is estimated that over two million people have left Venezuela to settle in Colombia since 2015. Cucuta is the border city that has always been a hub for bilateral trade between the two countries. Today, the Cucuta economy is in serious crisis and is dominated primarily by smuggling and the criminal gangs that run it. In the photo: Doris, a mother forced to live off financial and food aid from local evangelical churches.
Latin America is one of the most dangerous places in the world for a woman to live, and the number of cases of femicide and violence against women is shocking. Even more striking is the extremely high percentage (over 99%) of cases of femicide or violence that go unpunished. Pictured: a theater performance in Bogotá by a collective of activists fighting to raise awareness and combat violence.
The Paco or Pasta Base, is a byproduct of the cocaine industry, which made its way into the poor neighborhoods of Buenos Aires after the 2001 economic crisis. Marginalization, poverty, and the lack of jobs and alternatives push young people in the Villas district to fall back into the sale and use of this substance. In the picture a view of Ciudad Oculta, in the outskirts of Buenos Aires.
According to the JEP, la Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz, the special tribunal established during the peace agreements between the Colombian state and the FARC-EP guerrilla group in Cuba in 2016, 6,402 extrajudicial executions were carried out by the Colombian army during the government of Álvaro Uribe Vélez from 2002 to 2010. According to authorities, 6,402 people were shot, dressed as guerrillas, and buried in mass graves. This scandal is known in Colombia as the "Falsos Positivos" (False Positives). In the photo: A protest to raise awareness among the Colombian public and support the investigation to discover who gave the order for the extrajudicial execution.
Venezuelan migrants in Cucuta. It is estimated that over two million people have left Venezuela to settle in Colombia since 2015. Cucuta is the border city that has always been a hub for bilateral trade between the two countries. Today, the Cucuta economy is in serious crisis and is dominated primarily by smuggling and the criminal gangs that run it. In the picture: clashes between Young Venezuelan migrants and the Bolivarian police by Nicholas Maduro, on the international bridge dividing Colombia and Venezuela.
Cerro Rico in Bolivia was one of the Spanish colony's main silver mines; over the centuries, untold quantities of precious minerals were extracted and transported to Europe. Today, the Spanish colonial legacy in the Imperial Villa of Potosí is a relic of the past, but the problems have not disappeared. Current mining cooperatives display local names in Aymara and Quechua but act as undercover agents for foreign multinationals, whose presence was officially banned by the recent MAS governments, the socialist movement founded by Evo Morales that remained in power continuously from 2006 to 2025. Failure to comply with environmental and workplace safety regulations has made Cerro Rico an increasingly dangerous place, and despite the facade provided by tourism and guided tours, cases of rockfalls, accidents, and workplace deaths are on the rise.
The Paco or Pasta Base, is a byproduct of the cocaine industry, which made its way into the poor neighborhoods of Buenos Aires after the 2001 economic crisis. Marginalization, poverty, and the lack of jobs and alternatives push young people in the Villas district to fall back into the sale and use of this substance. In the picture, Adrian, a resident of Ciudad Oculta, in the outskirts of Buenos Aires, is taken to a detox center during an overdose of consumption of Paco.
A member of a Colombian paramilitary group shows off his gold chain. Illegal gold mining is a problem throughout the Amazon basin. Illegal mines pour mercury into rivers, killing all life, creating a society based on the exploitation of workers' rights, alcoholism, and prostitution. A world based on the lust for the yellow mineral.
The Rio Rocha is an Andean river in Bolivia, one of the most contaminated waterways in the Andes due to industrial, agricultural, and residential wastewater from the nearby city of Cochabamba.
A woman tries to grab a piece of bread and water from a crowd during a free food delivery in Cucuta, on the international bridge between Colombia and Venezuela. It is estimated that over two million people have left Venezuela to settle in Colombia since 2015. Cucuta is the border city that has always been a hub for bilateral trade between the two countries. Today, the Cucuta economy is in serious crisis and is dominated primarily by smuggling and the criminal gangs that run it.
An indigenous fisherman from the Nutabe tribe is about to cast one of his nets in the Hidroituango Reservoir. Colombia's largest dam and hydroelectric plant was built, causing enormous environmental damage to the Magdalena River, jeopardizing the meager economies of local artisanal fishermen. The flooding of the reservoir permanently buried important archaeological remains and several suspected mass grave sites related to the Colombian armed conflict. The Nutabe people who lived along the riverbank were forced to abandon their lands and homes.
According to the JEP, la Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz, the special tribunal established during the peace agreements between the Colombian state and the FARC-EP guerrilla group in Cuba in 2016, 6,402 extrajudicial executions were carried out by the Colombian army during the government of Álvaro Uribe Vélez from 2002 to 2010. According to authorities, 6,402 people were shot, dressed as guerrillas, and buried in mass graves. This scandal is known in Colombia as the "Falsos Positivos" (False Positives). In the photo: A protest to raise awareness among the Colombian public and support the investigation to discover who gave the order for the extrajudicial execution.
A Venezuelan child at the La Parada border school. For many Venezuelan families, sending their children to school across the border in Colombia is the only way to ensure they receive a hot meal each day. To get to school, children must cross the "trochas," illegal routes controlled on both sides of the border by illegal armed groups. It is estimated that over two million people have left Venezuela to settle in Colombia since 2015. Cucuta is the border city that has always been a hub for bilateral trade between the two countries. Today, the Cucuta economy is in serious crisis and is dominated primarily by smuggling and the criminal gangs that run it.
During an Easter procession near the Nasa Indigenous Reserve in Togoima, amid concerns over several attacks in the previous weeks by illegal armed groups that had never operated in this region. The Cauca Mountains have always acted as a barrier to the ocean, but in more recent years, drug trafficking has found it useful to build a new route through this region. For decades, the Misak indigenous people have defended themselves with the help of the indigenous guard, a peacekeeping force armed only with sticks that has repeatedly stopped armed criminals. The situation has changed over the years, and now the Cauca can no longer be considered a safe region.
A banana plantation in southern Ecuador, in the canton of Machala, considered the golden triangle of Ecuadorian bananas. Banana cultivation creates monocultures spanning thousands of hectares and overuses the region's water resources. The workers are primarily foreign migrants and have no labor or contractual rights. They are loaded onto vans in the morning and taken to a different plot each day. In 2024, a U.S. court found that the multinational Chiquita, formerly known as United Fruit, knowingly paid illegal armed groups to kill and eliminate union leaders. Fruit cultivation remains one of the most profitable industries in Latin America.
Patricia Espita, a woman victim of a chemical attack in Colombia. Colombia is one of the countries with the highest number of acid and chemical attacks against women. Human rights lawyers who defend the cases in court are pushing for this type of violence to be considered torture. Patricia has undergone dozens of treatments over the years, but has never discovered the identity of the person who threw acid in her face on the street, nor has she ever been able to prove the motive for the crime.
Ejido of Real de Catorce in Mexico during traditional local festivities. Ejidos are a legacy of the Mexican Revolution. Communal land management has been common throughout Mexico since the expropriations that occurred during the revolution at the end of the Porfirio Díaz dictatorship in the early decades of the last century. Under the constant pressure of gentrification, the real estate sector, and criminal groups, it has become increasingly difficult for ejidarios to manage and administer their lands. In some cases, ejidarios who refuse to sell have been subjected to verbal threats, physical attacks, and even murder. In Real de Catorce, a pueblo magico in the state of San Luis Potosí, the local ejido has transformed itself into a service cooperative, offering horseback rides for those wishing to cross the tunnel during the San Francisco festival weekend.